Incomplete words II
In the context of formal languages, any finite sequence of letters of a given alphabet is called a word over . We call a word incomplete if it does not contain every letter of .
For example, using the alphabet , ‘’, ‘’ and ‘ ‘ (the empty word) are incomplete words over , while ‘’ is a complete word over .
Given an alphabet of letters, we define to be the number of incomplete words over with a length not exceeding .
For example, , and .
Let .
For example, , and .
Find . Give your answer modulo .
不完整的单词II
在形式语言中,由给定字母表中的字母构成的有限序列被称为上的单词。如果一个单词不包含中的全部字母,我们称这个单词是不完整的。
例如,对于字母表,上的单词’’,’’和’ ‘(空单词)都是不完整的,而’’则是完整的。
若字母表包含有个字母,我们记为上长度不超过的不完整单词的数目。
例如,,,。
记。
例如,,,。
求,并将你的答案对取余。
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